Principles of Marketing Essay

Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Define marketing and outline the steps in the marketing process 2. Explain the importance of understanding customers and the marketplace, and identify the five core marketplace concepts 3. Identify the key elements of a customer-driven marketing strategy and discuss the marketing management orientations that guide marketing strategy 4. Discuss customer relationship management, and identify strategies for creating value for customers and capturing value from customers in return 5. Describe the major trends and forces that are changing the marketing landscape in this age of relationships 1-2 Chapter Concepts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What Is Marketing? Understanding the Marketplace and Customer Needs Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Preparing an Integrated Marketing Plan and Program Building Customer Relationships Capturing Value from Customers The New Marketing Landscape So, What Is Marketing? Pulling It All Together 1-3 What Is Marketing? Marketing Defined Marketing is the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships to capture value from customers in return 1-4 What Is Marketing? The Marketing Process 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Understand the marketplace and customer wants and needs Design a customer-driven marketing strategy Construct a marketing plan that delivers superior value Build profitable relationships and create customer satisfaction Capture value from customers to create profit and customer equity 1-5 Marketing process Determine needs and wants Design customer driven marketing strategy Construct marketing program that delivers superior value Build relationships and delight the customer Capture value from customer to achieve profits Figure 1.1: Core Marketing Concepts Needs, Wants & Demands Markets Core Marketing Concepts Marketing Offers Exchange & Relationships Value & Satisfaction Understanding the Marketplace and Customer Needs Customer Needs, Wants, and Demands †¢ Needs are states of deprivation †¢ Physical—food, clothing, warmth, safety †¢ Social—belonging and affection †¢ Individual—knowledge and selfexpression 1-6 Understanding the Marketplace and Customer Needs Customer Needs, Wants, and Demands Wants are the form that needs take as they are shaped by culture and individual personality Demands are wants backed by buying power 1-7 Understanding the Marketplace and Customer Needs Market Offerings—Products, Services, and Experiences Market offerings are some combination of products, services, information, or experiences offered to a market to satisfy a need or want 1-8 Understanding the Marketplace and Customer Needs Market Offerings—Products, Services, and Experiences Marketing myopia is focusing only on existing wants and losing sight of underlying consumer needs Exchange is the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return 1-9 Understanding the Marketplace and Customer Needs Customer Value and Satisfaction †¢ Expectations †¢ Customers †¢ Value and satisfaction Set the right level of expectations †¢ †¢ Marketers †¢ Not too high or too low 1-10 Understanding the Marketplace and Customer Needs Exchanges and Relationships Exchange is the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return Relationships consist of actions to build and maintain desirable relationships 1-11 Understanding the Marketplace and Customer Needs Markets are the set of actual and potential buyers of a product Marketing system consists of all of the actors (suppliers, company, competitors, intermediaries, and end users) in the system who are affected by major environmental forces †¢ Demographic †¢ Economic †¢ Physical †¢ Technological †¢ Political–legal †¢ Socio-cultural 1-12 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Marketing Management Marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets and building profitable relationships with them †¢ What customers will we serve? †¢ How can we best serve these customers? 1-13 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Selecting Customers to Serve Market segmentation: Dividing the markets into segments of customers Target marketing: Which segments to go after 1-14 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Selecting Customers to Serve De-marketing: Marketing to reduce demand temporarily or permanently; the aim is not to destroy demand but to reduce or shift it. 1-15 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Selecting Customers to Serve Marketing management is: †¢ Customer management †¢ Demand management 1-16 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Choosing a Value Proposition The value proposition is the set of benefits or values a company promises to deliver to customers to satisfy their needs 1-17 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Marketing Management Orientations †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Production concept Product concept Selling concept Marketing concept Societal concept 1-18 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Marketing Management Orientations Production concept is the idea that consumers will favor products that are available or highly affordable 1-19 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Marketing Management Orientations Product concept is the idea that consumers will favor products that offer the most quality, performance, and features for which the organization should therefore devote its energy to making continuous improvements 1-20 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Marketing Management Orientations Selling concept is the idea that consumers will not buy enough of the firm’s products unless it undertakes a large scale selling and promotion effort 1-21 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Marketing Management Orientations Marketing concept is the idea that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of the target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions better than competitors do 1-22 Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Selling Versus Marketing Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy Marketing Management Orientations Societal marketing concept is the idea that a company should make good marketing decisions by considering consumers’ wants, the company’s requirements, consumers’ long-term interests, and society’s long-run interests 1-23 Societal Marketing Concept Society (human welfare) Consumers (want satisfaction) Company (profits) Preparing an Integrated Marketing Plan and Program Marketing Mix The marketing mix is the set of tools (four Ps) the firm uses to implement its marketing strategy †¢ Product †¢ Price †¢ Promotion †¢ Place 1-24 Preparing an Integrated Marketing Plan and Program Integrated Marketing Program Integrated marketing program is a comprehensive plan that communicates and delivers the intended value to chosen customers 1-25 Building Customer Relationships Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Customer relationship management is the overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior value and satisfaction 1-26 Building Customer Relationships Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Customer perceived value is the difference between total customer value and total customer cost Customer satisfaction is the extent to which a product’s perceived performance matches a buyer’s expectations 1-27 Building Customer Relationships Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Customer Relationship Levels and Tools †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Basic relationship Full relationships Frequency marketing programs Club marketing programs 1-28 Building Customer Relationships The Changing Nature of Customer Relationships Relating with more carefully selected customers uses selective relationship management to target fewer, more profitable customers Relating for the long term uses customer relationship management to retain current customers and build profitable, long-term relationships Relating directly uses direct marketing tools (telephone, mail order, kiosks, Internet) to make direct connections with customers 1-29 Building Customer Relationships Partner Relationship Management Partner relationship management refers to working closely with partners in other company departments and outside the company to jointly bring greater value to customers 1-30 Building Customer Relationships Partner Relationship Management Partners inside the company is every function area interacting with customers †¢ Electronically †¢ Cross-functional teams Partners outside the company is how marketers connect with their suppliers, channel partners, and competitors by developing partnerships 1-31 Building Customer Relationships Partner Relationship Management Supply chain is a channel that stretches from raw materials to components to final products to final buyers †¢ Supply management †¢ Strategic partners †¢ Strategic alliances 1-32 Capturing Value from Customers Creating Customer Loyalty and Retention Customer lifetime value is the value of the entire stream of purchases that the customer would make over a lifetime of patronage 1-33 Capturing Value from Customers Growing Share of Customer Share of customer is the portion of the customer’s purchasing that a company gets in its product categories 1-34 Capturing Value from Customers Building Customer Equity Customer equity is the total combined customer lifetime values of all of the company’s customers 1-35 Capturing Value from Customers Building Customer Equity Building the right relationships with the right customers involves treating customers as assets that need to be managed and maximized †¢ Different types of customers require different relationship management strategies †¢ Build the right relationship with the right customers 1-36 The New Marketing Landscape Major Developments †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Digital age Globalization Ethics and social responsibility Not-for-profit marketing 1-37 The New Marketing Landscape The New Digital Age †¢ †¢ †¢ Recent technology has had a major impact on the ways marketers connect with and bring value to their customers Market research Learning about and tracking customers †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Create new customized products Distribution Communication Video conferencing Online data services 1-38 The New Marketing Landscape The New Digital Age Internet—creates marketplaces and marketspaces †¢ Information †¢ Entertainment †¢ Communication 1-39 The New Marketing Landscape Rapid Globalization †¢ †¢ The world is smaller Think globally, act locally 1-40 The New Marketing Landscape The Call for More Ethics and Social Responsibility Marketers are being called upon to take greater responsibility for the social and environmental impact of their actions in a global economy 1-41 The New Marketing Landscape The Call for More Ethics and Social Responsibility Social marketing campaigns encourage energy conservation and concern for the environment or discourage smoking, excessive drinking, and drug use 1-42 The New Marketing Landscape The Growth for Not-for-Profit Marketing †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Colleges Hospitals Museums Zoos Orchestras Religious groups 1-43

High Blood Pressure Project

Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The more blood your he t pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure. Hypertension can continue for years without any symptoms. Even without sys MOTOS, damage to blood vessels and the heart continues and can be detected. Once trolled high blood pressure increases the risk Of serious health problems, including h earth attack and stroke. . Define symptoms Most people with high blood pressure have no signs or symptoms, even if blob odd pressure readings reach dangerously high levels. Although a few people with relegates high blood pressure may have dull he dachas, size spells or a few more nosebleeds than normal, these signs and symptom s usually don't occur until high blood pressure has reached a severe or alphabetizing stage. 3. Define cause There are two types of high blood pressure.Primary (Essential) Hypertension For most adults, there's no identifiable cause of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure, called essential hypertension or primary hypertension , tends to develop gradually over many years. Secondary Hypertension Some people have high blood pressure caused by an underlying condition. This type of high blood pressure, called secondary hypertension, tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than does primary hypertension.Various conditions and medications can lead to secondary hypertension, including: ; Kidney problems ; Adrenal gland tumors ; Thyroid problems ; Certain defects in blood vessels you're born with (congenital) ; Certain medications, such as birth control pills, cold remedies, decongestants, overcorrection pain relievers and some prescription drugs ; Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines ; Alcohol abuse or chronic alcohol use ; Obstructive sleep apneas 4. Define western medicine approach (medication, services) Lifestyle can go a long way toward con trolling high blood pressure.The doctor r may recommend a healthy diet with less salt, regular exercise, quitting smoking, a ND losing weight. In addition to lifestyle changes, the doctor may recommend medication to low ere blood pressure. Medications to treat hypertension include: Ethicize diuretics Beta blockers Unconventionality's enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Negotiations II receptor blockers (Arabs) Calcium channel blockers Rennin inhibitors Alpha blockers Alphabet blockers Centralizing agents Vacillators Lodestone antagonists 5. Explain medical professionals involved Internists and family practice physicians often treat patients with high blood p reassure.Internists-?also called internal medicine physicians-?have training and expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of adult diseases. Family physicians focus on preventing diagnosing, and treating disease in people of all ages.

Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Essay

As it stands currently the existing effect of the economic factors on aggregate demand and supply are: unemployment, consumer income, and interest rates. In this paper we identify the existing effect of the economic factors on aggregate demand and supply. The American people have little to no income when unemployed, this in turn causes a decrease in demand for the economy. This type of event causes the aggregate demand to curve to the left. One of the main reasons unemployment remains high to this day is the lack of demand. A shortfall in aggregate demand is precisely the type of issue that can be addressed by monetary policy, however, to do so we need continuous monetary stimulus to progress toward maximum employment stability. The crash of the housing market has set tremendous limitation on consumer and their spending. Sternness on behalf of the government to a certain extent has decreased aggregate demand during this recovery period. These actions have directly impacted growth. Wh at this means to us is that lower government spending and higher taxes call for disposable income for consumers, work for government contractors diminishing, and a decrease in government payroll. Another factor that has had great effect and impact are the levels of uncertainty. The events leading to this state have yet to be resolved which in turn have caused a lack of willingness and confidence within consumers. In the beginning the levels of uncertainty reflected the force of influence the recession had on us as consumers. This is something that had not been experienced in several years which made it difficult for us to handle or even find a way to get by in a more successful demeanor. After extensive research and analysis it is safe to say the supply-side considerations explain some of the rise in unemployment, which once again confirm the lack of demand as well as the fact that the economy is suffering first and foremost of a weak demand rather than a shortage of supply. References Williams, J. C. (2013, February 25). The Economy and Fed Policy: Follow the Demand. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Retrieved from http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2013/february/economy-fed-policy-follow-demand/ Thoma, M. (2012, March 28). Demand, not supply, is restraining the economy. CBS News. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505123_162-57405230/demand-not-supply-is-restraining-the-economy/

Bathroom and Rituals

Nacirema HR 582 Managing Global Diversity Patsy A. Shepherd March 22, 2012 In Body Ritual Among the Nacirema, Horace Miner writes about the strange rituals that people do in America. While reading the story I was almost fooled, but as read further I realized the spoof of Nacirema; Nacirema is American spelled backwards and the references in the myth are the backward strange American everyday rituals. Miner’s word usage made it obvious it was just a myth, words like magical, fascination, bewitched, and mythology gave it away.Miner portrays Americans as a tribe that go through their daily life by performing painful and needed rituals to their bodies. It is not obvious at the beginning of the case study that the tribe Miner is talking about is American people. The rituals they perform mainly focus on the human body, and if Americans skip these rituals we will have a nasty society of individuals. (Miner disguises the bathroom as a cleaning shrine, the medicine chest as the major d evice in the shrine and the hair on a stick as a toothbrush.He describes the shrine as a private and secret place where cleansing and makeup rituals take place. The box and the chest have charms and potions from the medicine men). Harvey, C & Allard, J (2005) Understanding and Managing Diversity: readings, cases and exercises Pearson Prentice Hall 4th edition p. 19 Rituals are ceremonies and most rituals have a purpose. In my observation of Nacirema I want to know why the tribe conducts these types’ rituals. How are the rituals performed? Where are the rituals performed?Tribal rituals play a large part of everyday life in the Nacirema and American culture. Rituals are what we do on a regular basis, repeated over time; that which bring people together; shared beliefs; and loyalty. Many of the events that occur in day to day life in Nacirema are just past down customs, rituals, and beliefs. Many of our customs are a belief system past down from generation to generation. So thei r customs, rituals, and beliefs, are their basis of structure for their entire village, and society. We can’t live without customs, rituals, and beliefs.Without customs, beliefs, and rituals, the people of Nacirema have no explanation for living, or being on Earth. Without customs, there is no reason for doing anything we do. Customs stem from our beliefs, so we have to believe in something. While spending time in Nacirema I realized we have some of the same customs and beliefs. Nacirema’s shrine with a box or chest in the wall is just a bathroom with a medicine cabinet. Small bundles of hog hairs and certain magical powers are simply toothbrushes and toothpaste. Holy Mouth Men are Dentist.Highly formalized series of gestures is the art of brushing teeth. The box and the chest have charms and potions from the medicine men are doctors writing the prescriptions we keep in our medicine cabinets. During my fieldwork in Nacirema from December 2011 to February 2012, I concen trated on investigating the main principles governing Nacirema’s culture. I did my research before arriving in the village, so I didn’t quite know what to expect. I was quite anxious so I interviewed the tribe individually, I asked each individual to tell me what happens in Nacirema on a typical day?How do you feel about me being here? What can you tell me about how Nacirema developed? What do you think should be different, if anything? Also give me just a little background on Nacirema as far as government policies, tourism, business opportunities, and brief me on customs. After my interview session, I learned that these crude rituals are just a sequence of daily activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed on a daily basis. These daily activities are no different from the daily activities that individuals in America perform on a daily basis.Most individuals spend a lot of time in the bathroom bathing, brushing their teeth, applying makeup, and combing their hair. Would this be considered a ritual? Of course not to me or you it’s just our daily routine. This routine was passed down from my parents to me and to my children the art of hygiene. My three months of fieldwork in Nacirema was no different from my day to day in America, I actually over stayed my welcome, but I didn't want to rush my process. I wanted my evaluations to be honest and I also didn’t want my personal opinions or issues to cloud my judgment.In conclusion I found that Nacirema myths are truths in America. (Notgnishaw, the Pa-To-Mac, and the cherry tree with the Spirit of Truth mean America lies between Canada and Mexico. The Ancient Code/Secret Language true meaning refers to the joke that a doctor’s handwriting is illegible, particularly on prescriptions. An Herbalist is just a Pharmacist. Ritual ablution of the mouth for children true meaning describes cleaning their mouths out with soap if they say something wrong. Men scraping and lacera ting the surface of the face with a sharp instrument is shaving.Women bake their heads in small ovens for about an hour is an old-fashioned hair dryer at a beauty salon. Latipsoh true meaning is a hospital. Thaumaturge and group of vestal maidens are Doctor and nurses. A magic wand in the supplicant’s mouth is a Thermometer. A listener is the local Psychologist. The sociological standpoint is that culture is based on rituals and that each culture defines its reality and acceptable behavior and chooses its authorities by rituals). Miner, Horace â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema†. Retrieved from http://www. westminster. edu/staff/brennie/wpgroup4/brotn. html on March 20, 2012

Internet Tools at Dirt Bikes Essay

Internet Tools at Dirt Bikes Teresa Brennan July 10, 2010 IT/205 Gelonda Martin In business today it is a necessity for communication channels to be as efficient as possible. Dirt Bikes’ current means of communication is antiquated and without further investment in technology, will stunt the operations and growth of the organization. A complete overhaul of the IT infrastructure is recommended. Although there are significant costs associated with implementing a new system, the pay-off would be in the increased sales and customer satisfaction, thereby the system upgrade would become a revenue generator. The success of Dirt Bikes new IT implementation would facilitate quick access to the internet and market information which the company will use to make strategic decisions. A computer network connects two or more computers so employees can work together sharing data across computers. The infrastructure of the network would make data available to view in all departments. Dirt Bikes would to set up a wide area network (WAN) for the business to operate across global areas. The ability to communicate anywhere anytime would allow the company to respond immediately to customer needs, order rocessing, and part suppliers saving time and money by keeping up with current inventory. Connecting the WAN allows employees to send and receive important information from anywhere globally via PDAs or laptop devices and provide almost instant responses to management, customers, vendors and other areas where efficient and immediate communication is preferred such as monitoring global industry trends happening 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Dirt Bikes offices would offer Wi-Fi hotspots that would enable employees to access PDAs and laptops from anywhere within the building. Employees could move around from floor to floor and office to office and still be connected to incoming messages and requests from suppliers, customers and colleagues and respond without leaving their current location. Employees have more control over managing their time when they are able to conduct business from remote locations. They will also have a greater sense of empowerment, learning and freedom from accessing an intranet and internet through a Wi-Fi connection. There is a certain freedom in being able to conduct efficient business from multiple locations, and with the 36 network available through nternet providers, the possibilities to connect anywhere are endless. Dirt Bikes’ employees ultimately benefit from reduced stress from higher efficiency and more flexibility in work environment. According to an article by Bradley Mitchell, wireless gear costs a bit more than the wired Ethernet products (About. com. 2010). The equipment needed for wireless can cost nearly three times as much depending on wireless signal 802. 11b and 802. 1 lg. The 802. 11b products have dropped in price with the release of 802. 1 lg, which can lead to cost savings in a signal choice. Of course there is a possibi t signal interterence witn wireless LANS, but are more convenient for businesses with outside salespersons and the efficiency of direct communication. The network would house a closed Intranet with employee access for any information necessary to conduct Dirt Bikes business on a daily basis. The Intranet would become the improved means of communication between employees and their designated departments and have all the company’s resources and documents cataloged. Employees could access company information and Human Resources documents online instead of placing calls to the department and otentially interrupting fellow co-workers from current projects. By recording documents, solutions and general information about vendors, distributors, customers and even market conditions, Dirt Bikes can begin to build a sophisticated network of knowledge that makes future business more reliable, highly accurate and efficient. An intranet would allow Dirt Bikes to reduce overhead in parts storage costs by reducing the number of stocked parts through rapid communication of parts ordered and available. In the near future, the goal would be to have Dirt Bikes implement a RFID tags on incoming manufacturing parts. Production teams would have more time to complete order processing if they did not have to manually log incoming stock into the warehouses. A significant savings would result from reduced overhead costs for storage warehouses and the employees to stock and maintain them. Dirt Bikes’ customers would enjoy the majority of the benefits of implementing a new IT infrastructure. Employees will no longer have to rely on placing several phone calls to gather information before providing customer solutions; they would provide immediate attention and problem-solving utilizing the data at their fingertips. The result is a better customer experience because sales and service staff are able to communicate accurate information to customers. Marketing knows the customer’s past orders which helps to anticipate future repeat business and forecasting. Overall, there would be an anticipation that repeat customer business would increase substantially within one year. Web 2. 0 solutions could be implemented to help monitor the motorcycle industry. Dirt Bikes’ market researchers could access information about competitors and house it on the Intranet for sales and marketing teams to evaluate. Those same researchers could request RSS feeds from multiple blogs relevant to the motorcycle industry thereby gaining pertinent real-time industry knowledge. Dirt Bikes could set up a type of live chat line for potential customers to discuss and get answers on products and services. This type of service would improve sales by improving customer service with repeat sales and attracting new buyers. I would set up a platform for voice over internet protocol (VoIP). Using a microphone and speakers Dirt Bikes can have conference calls from any office without rewiring or reconfiguring the network. According to the text written by K. Lauden and J. Lauden, there are costs up front but in the long run will save the company 20-30% by eliminating outside telephone services (2009). VoIP can also carry the company’s voice mail and e-mail services. In conclusion, these changes I have proposed to Dirt Bikes will benefit the employees with increased sales due to better communication between departments, vendors and the customer. Having data updated every time a transaction occurs provides better production and efficiency for the company because the rapid flow of information keeps inventory

The Design and Construction Phases of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao

5.â€Å"The thing I personally look for is an architectural thought that stands a nice opportunity of lasting the planning system, clients demands, value technology and all the other hurdlings that it will face†Francis Golding Research an illustration of an architectural undertaking where you consider the thought has survived the hurdlings faced in its development. Explain some of the challenges faced during the design and building procedure. See the functions of the designer, the client and other members of the design and building squad in accomplishing this end, see whether other factors such as the budget and the type of procurance played a function in the success of the undertaking. The procedure when organizing a edifice is divided into two cardinal phases: The design stage and the building stage, which since the 1990’s have been tightly linked through contractual agreements. Depending on legion factors, such as budget and the type of procurance chosen, either side can be dramatically affected by the other. As a consequence the finished merchandise may non be to the satisfaction of the client, stakeholders or the companies involved. An illustration of a edifice in which both of these stages were completed successfully in every facet is the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, by Frank O. Gehry and Associates ( FOG/A ) . The Client and Advisers The Guggenheim was a really big graduated table undertaking which was commissioned in 1993 by Consorcio Museo Guggenheim ( CMG ) . This group comprised of the Basque authorities ( Regional ) and the Vizcaya Government ( Provincial ) . They were responsible for funding the undertaking, and the municipality of Bilbao ( Local Government ) donated the site ( REF ) The ground that the authorities proposed to construct an art gallery of such importance, with an iconic designer, was due to the fact that the metropolis of Bilbao was falling into diminution. There was an pressing demand to set building undertakings into action that would renew the country. ( REF ) Because a great trade of money was invested ( ?77m ) a big measure of people involved in both the design and building stages were working for the authorities. CMG put together a squad which oversaw the full procedure, which included:Legal ConsultantFinancial ControllerCommunicationss DirectorDesign Adviser( REF )Their function, as a foundation, was confer withing and doing certain the undertaking was run intoing their aims. They had â€Å"everyday decision-making power† as they were the client. ( Harvard ) Besides confer withing on with the design and building squads was the Solomon R. Guggenheim in New York. They needed someplace to house their unobserved art aggregation – they made a trade with CMG to lend it ( at a cost ) , and partnered with them to make an administration called the Guggenheim Foundation. This gave them entree to the trade name name, Guggenheim. ( Ref hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guggenheim.org/guggenheim-foundation ) Engineers Besides involved in the undertaking were IDOM, employed as executive designers. ( ref ) They had huge cognition of big scale building. The structural applied scientists were Skidmore, Owings and Merrill ( SOM ) , who besides consulted in the undertaking and formed portion of the design squad. Procurement CMG established a clear set of demands for IDOM to run into:â€Å" The Executive Architect ( IDOM ) shall be responsible for run intoing the mark cost, with a fiscal punishment if it is exceeded.The museum shall open to the populace before the terminal of 1997.The museum shall be completed utilizing the highest quality edifice criterions.The Executive Architect shall maximize the usage of local employees and stuffs for building.The Executive Architect shall ease the Design Architect’s creativity.†( ref )To accomplish these marks, chiefly the clip restraint and rigorous budget, it would necessitate careful thought into how the edifice work would be procured. Another factor that had to be considered was that Gehry’s design was ambitious, and utilizing traditional procurance methods would non run into these ends, particularly as FOG/A’s architectural linguistic communication was â€Å"less and less derivative of current practice† ( Tombesi, 2002 ) and the fact that â€Å"80 % of the building systems and stuffs used in the Bilbao Guggenheim undertaking were wholly advanced in the edifice industry.† ( Harvard p5 ) The design had been efficaciously modelled on the package plan, Catia, antecedently used in the aerospace industry. This was another component that influenced the pick of procurance as it would significantly rush up both the design and the building phase. It would better design communicating between all the companies involved, as the theoretical account could be invariably updated to feed information to all contractors. ( REF ) â€Å"One of the cardinal factors in building was the monolithic usage of CAD engineering, something reasonably unusual in architecture. Without this engineering, the Bilbao Guggenheim would still be under building today† ( Harvard p16 ) FOG/A and IDOM decided on seamster doing the contract for the Guggenheim. They required contractors input early on in the design stage so that an effectual theoretical account could be created, that would be every bit near as possible to the architect’s vision, but could besides be constructed precisely like the theoretical account. This would overlap the design and the building processes, and would make more clip to acquire the museum built. However, Tombesi ( 2002 ) cites that due to the fact that it was an institutional and grand-scale public edifice, by jurisprudence they had to use one general contractor. IDOM had experience in big scale undertakings and their method of pull offing them was by dividing the contractual occupations. They managed to carry the public committees deputy in Bilbao that this was the best manner ( Harvard p3 ) FOG/A and IDOM divided the contractual occupations, and called them ‘paquetes’ :DestructionFoundationsStructureOutsidesInsides and InstallationsUrban InfrastructureFurniture, Fixtures and EquipmentAfter this they began ‘the petition for proposals’ phase. FOG/A prepared preliminary certification which outlined the rudimentss of the design and what was required for each of these paquetes, and sent these off to groups of contractors who could perchance execute these specializer occupations. The method of taking who to direct these to was a challenge for IDOM. â€Å"I was looking for contractors [ †¦ ] who were willing to larn how to construct the undertaking instead than being stiff in adhering to their usual methodologies.† ( Harvard ) The groups who were chosen were comparatively little as â€Å"no contractor in the universe had of all time built a undertaking like Bilbao Guggenheim.† ( Harvard ) In response the contractors would subject proposals with elaborate proficient information and how much they could make the undertaking for. ( Tombesi, 2002 ) The contract was named the ‘design-assist process’ ( Figure 1 ) . ( Tombesi, 2002 ) In the diagram, it explains the initial designs and preliminary certification formed by FOG/A and IDOM for a individual paquete. The following phase was to direct out these paperss to contractors ( bomber ) and so take which to use after they have submitted their proposals. In the diagram it shows that FOG/A reimbursed the contractors who were non chosen. After they chose the contractor they had a period of 90 yearss to develop the design with the whole of the design squad. If they fulfilled the contract by the terminal of this so they would be awarded their ‘lump sum’ . A job that IDOM had with these custom-made paquetes was specifically to make with the exterior design. Five companies met the specifications/requirements which IDOM needed to do the building of the complex outside possible ; These companies were sent command paperss and invited to subject proposals. Three of these companies responded, but all were over the set budget. The jurisprudence restricted IDOM from taking any of these proposals despite pricing, so a new petition for commands was issued. IDOM besides teamed up with the staying contractors to clear up design and pricing so that doing this command was possible. Two companies matched the mark cost this clip about and the determination was made, with the aid of CMG, to take Balzola ( a spot about the company? ) ( HARVARD ) The initial pick for the cladding stuff of the Guggenheim was hand-polished chromium steel steel, so the first command paperss were organised with this merchandise in head. However FOG/A were diffident that it was the appropriate stuff for the occupation, and were fighting to happen options that would execute good and look aesthetically delighting. Leaded Cu was an option but IDOM were dying that lead would be washed from the rain into the milieus. Therefore Ti became the perfect merchandise to replace the chromium steel steel. The lone exclusion was the disbursal, as it was non an low-cost stuff. Fortunately, big measures of it had merely been released onto the market at the right clip for it to be used on the Guggenheim, dramatically cut downing the monetary value. This made it low-cost plenty to suit into the mark cost. The Budget The budget or mark cost of the Guggenheim Bilbao was agreed with the client to be 14,028M Pestas, or ?77m in lbs. As a method of run intoing this end and commanding the money spent, IDOM established a system which tracked outgo at regular intervals. This was a elaborate cost estimation, calculated every six hebdomads so that the design squad could compare their advancement to it and entree their design determinations. If their programs exceeded this estimation, so steps would be taken to rapidly propose alternate ways of making the same thing. ( HARVARD ) An illustration of where the cost estimations helped forestall a serious escalation in disbursals was when SOM, the structural applied scientists, sent off to IDOM information on the structural capablenesss of the geometric volumes. A communicating mistake resulted in an underestimate of the weight of the steel frame, and this caused an addition in costs. However, because of the regular cost estimations, this addition was noticed rapidly and early on. This made it possible for the design squad to do a fast response, which involved changing the mark cost and a few facets of the design to maintain within the budget and on agenda. ( HARVARD ) Without this procedure set in topographic point, little inaccuracies would hold been much harder to descry and would hold perchance become much larger mistakes as the undertaking continued. Construction In the building stages, everything went swimmingly as the clear communicating of CAD drawings helped contractors and builders understand the design phase. Equally good as this, the imbrication of the design and building stages had sizably reduced the clip it took to finish the undertaking. However, during the concluding phases of building, timing became a challenge. The exhibitions needed at least six months to be fitted into the edifice, and could non be installed without protection from the exterior. The exterior and interior undertakings needed to be complete for this to be possible. IDOM and FOG/A responded to this job by overlapping the stages of the exterior and interior undertakings even further and the agendas of the contractors involved were reviewed and reorganised to maximize the sum of clip they had staying. ( Harvard ) for illustration, â€Å"Balzola was expected to temporarily cover unfinished countries to screen the interiors.† ( HARVARD ) This response allowed work to be completed with synergism. In decision, the Guggenheim Bilbao was an advanced undertaking at the clip it was built, an illustration of one of the first big graduated table edifices to include CAD in both stages. IDOM and FOG/A custom-made every measure of the design to accommodate its formation, such as the ‘request for packages’ procurance path, and this is what finally granted it the position of an iconic edifice. It â€Å"demonstrates a manner of interacting with trade specializers before the completion of contract paperss, and without interrupting competitory tendering.† ( Tombesi 2002 ) And this contributed to meeting:The clients demandsThe budgetThe deadlineAnd doing a high quality edificeBesides Gehry, as a consequence, had the design freedom to do his vision be constructed precisely as he saw it in his head. On the whole it demonstrates that the system defines the quality, clip and cost of the terminal consequence, every bit good as the input from people working as a squad contribut ing towards the same end. Although it was something no-one had of all time tried before, and some parts seemed like test and mistake, the edifice was successful in every facet. Every hurdle they faced was met by a strong squad of people.

Impact of Visual Effect on Currnet Film Industry Research Paper

Impact of Visual Effect on Currnet Film Industry - Research Paper Example In addition, the area of study presents various facets engrossing diverse techniques under the discipline of films popular, among many people. One such, the paper intends to exploit is matte painting, which make use of visual effects in live action of films. Data analysis succeeds data extraction, a process, which helps in generation of efficient data used to prove various phenomena. Visual effects data analysis, for instance, relies on heavy aggregation of data revolving around its effects on the film industry. This should include pro and cons of the effects as this forms a potential area of study (Okun & Zwerman, 2010). At times, data analysis take the form of exploratory statistics, confirmatory data analysis (CDA) as well as exploratory data analysis; however the paper attempts to incorporate all the three approaches in answering various questions, which arise since the invention of visual effects (Livingstone, 2004). Despite relying of existent data, the paper will also make use of predictive data including unstructured data, to help in understanding various changes visual effects have dame in the film industry. In the contrary, various distinctions and confusions, which arise due to confusion of effects of visual effects, will be a priority as this is indispensable in understanding various data. ... This is because there are various numerical tools including MHD equilibria codes, which provide isometric bicuspid reports (Okun & Zwerman, 2010). On the other hand, Phoenix as a numerical tool uses poloidal-rotating equilibria to reckon the entire deal of gyratory spectrum. This is, therefore, a critical question in coming up with a competent data analysis strategy, which gives proficient results. With a decision on the best numerical toll, the soft ware package becomes an area of concern, as current data analysis methods employ software, depending on the requirements. Matte painting for instance uses diverse software to arrive at the final product. In the paper, a soft ware, which producers necessary statistics gets given priority as the paper, is not in need of complicated data. For example, software, which can produce graphs and charts, will be highly useful in the paper. Last but importantly, before one conducts a data analysis, one should be able to answer the question, what re sources are available? The resources include relevant books to the area of study as well as other internet sources, which might serve well in providing sufficient information useful in accomplishing the task (Livingstone, 2004). Mattes are distinct photography, which make use of visual effects to combine various image elements and come up with single or final images. The images are tremendously useful in the film industry where producers combine mattes at for ground, middle ground and background to come up with attractive films. In order to come up with films portraying sensitivity, mattes get used as visual effects, where scenic vista combines the imagery at different scenes. In order to come up with proficient films, the principle of mattes requires

Effectiveness of the Department of Homeland Security Research Paper

Effectiveness of the Department of Homeland Security - Research Paper Example Reflecting on what happened on that fateful day; one is left wondering how it happened and where the security agents were at the time. However, what is clear is that the intelligence agencies failed in their mandate to protect the country from such catastrophes. A reflection of the incidence show the Pentagon being raced down by planes hijacked by terrorists. In fact, many people were taken aback by the incident including the security agents. Therefore, to prevent such attacks in the future and to ensure that America becomes a secure country to live in and do business, George Walker Bush, undertook a proactive move that led to the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security. The move to establish the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was informed by the need to protect the U.S. against terrorism, according to Ball (2005). DHS had 22 different federal agencies charge with different roles aimed at ensuring that the country is safeguarded from terrorist threats. The fact th at DHS had 22 different federal departments made it the third largest Federal department in the country. An overview of the Department of Homeland Security's responsibilities in prevention and emergency response The responsibilities of the Department of Homeland Security as far as prevention and emergency response are concerned are four folds. The first major responsibility of DHS is safeguarding the United States by preventing terrorism and enhancing national security (Charvat, 2012). According to Charvat (2012), safeguarding the U.S. and its citizens from terrorism was the cornerstone for its formation, following the 9/11 incident. The 9/11 incident exposed the country’s vulnerability to terrorism of whatever kind. Therefore, in response to the incident, the then president, George Walker Bush found it necessary to form an independent department responsible for safeguarding the country from terrorist threats. It is reported that DHS works in collaboration with other federal Departments and agencies to ensure that the country remain safe and secure to live in and do business. In fulfilling its mandate of safeguarding the country against terrorism, DHS also focuses on the prevention of unauthorized importation, acquisition, or use of nuclear, biological, and chemical materials and capabilities within the country’s borders. In addition, DHS focuses on reducing vulnerability of key leadership, crucial infrastructure, and events to terrorist attacks and other catastrophes (Ball, 2005). Indeed many agree that the safety of the United States have increased tremendously since the formation of the Department of Homeland Security. So far, the country has not suffered a major incidence of terrorism (Charvat, 2012). In addition, with the help of the DHS, the President Obama administration have been able to kill Osama, the mastermind of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. However, this is not to say that the U.S. is absolutely safe from terrorism. This is because th e country recently witnessed an incident of terrorism during the Boston marathon, which left some people dead and scores injured. The incidence show that the DHS still needs to do more to safeguard the country and citizens from terrorism.

BUSINESS LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BUSINESS LAW - Essay Example In our case, Colin’s Computer (CC) is a computer garage offering repair services for computers belonging to other organizations, in return for a monthly payment. Colin’s Computers advertises its services through their website and through a local daily, which reaches the intended organizations that have the need for Computer repair, among them, Geoff’s Gym (GG). After receiving the information regarding CC’s services and the discount offer they are giving to their new customers, GG decides to go for the services and fulfill the necessary conditions that were attached by CC, so that it could benefit from the offering. However, as it turned out, GG never received the repair services for its computers from CC, which in essence did not receive the letter that was to be sent either through mail, text or post; to confirm the offer. The occurrences that follows after GG finds the services of CC and opts to purchase them are the subject of this discussion, with a f ocus on whether a contract occurred, who is liable for the breach of the contract, and whether the contract is enforceable through a court of law, if at all it occurred. ... reat, it invited the organizations in need of computer repair services to make an offer, which would in turn be accepted by CC, based on the fulfillment of certain conditions. The conditions attached for an offer to become complete were; that the organization in need of the services would contact CC either through mail, post or text before 8th June and inform them of the definitive date the organization would like the services to commence. On its side, GG posted a letter on 3rd June and followed the letter up, with a call to confirm to CC that the letter of offer had been posted. However, it turned out that the letter was not receive by CC, that is why CC did not go to offer the repair services to GG’s computers. The facts of this case prove that an offer was made, but the corresponding requirement of acceptance did not occur (Simpson, 1987). According to the ruling of the case in Partridge Vs Crittenden (1968), the display of goods by the seller does not amount to an offer, b ut rather an invitation to treat. The same applies to an advertisement made by the seller. Therefore, even when GG would want to enforce the contract based on the fact that they had accepted the terms made by CC, by posting a letter before the stated date, and even went ahead to follow it up with a phone call, just to confirm that they had posted the letter, they are not in a position to do this, because the advertisement made by CC on its websites and a local daily, regarding its offer of computer repair services, did not amount to an offer, but a mere invitation to treat (Koffman & Macdonald, 2007). Therefore, contrary to the belief by GG that they had met the requirement of the contract and thus CC was liable to compensate them for the breach of the contract, the reality is different. GG

Dump the Energy Drinks Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dump the Energy Drinks - Article Example Clinical research is still divided over the use of sports drinks to increase performance in athletics, with some studies suggesting that caffeine use does provide a competitive advantage while others suggest that pure water is better than both sports drinks and caffeinated beverages. The composition of sports drinks may be considered in the traditional â€Å"Gatorade† variety of PH balancing and vitamin supplemented flavored energy drinks with sugar calories in the mixture vs. the new style of â€Å"Red Bull† type energy drinks that include caffeine, amino acids, and complex performance enhancing chemicals for physical support. The Burke (2008) study found that caffeine did include a performance benefit for athletes in competitive situations, however that this benefit could be achieved in smaller doses distributed over a longer period of time. (Burke, 2008) The van Nieuwenhoven et al. (2001) study suggested that caffeinated beverages and sports drinks create more gastro -intestinal problems for athletes vs. pure water. (van Nieuwenhoven et al., 2001) The Sokmen et al. (2008) study suggested low doses of caffeine over the three to four days preceding a sports performance to optimize the effect of the performance boost. (Sokmen et al., 2008) Consequently, the regular use of sports drinks can actually be detrimental to performance if over-used, especially if the competitors are relying on personal training with pure water used during competitions. The Nutritional Value of Energy Drinks Sports drinks can be analyzed by looking at the two varieties of products marketed to athletes by looking at the leading brands. In this context, the â€Å"Gatorade† sports beverage is taken to be exemplary of the first generation of sports drinks, despite the fact that it now has a variety of formulas including G Series, Gatorade Prime, Elite Series – Endurance Formula, etc. These drinks provide calories, carbohydrates, vitamins, sodium, and electrolytes which are designed to provide energy, replenishment of lost fluids, and aid body harmonization in athletes. (Gatorade, 2011) The first generation of performance drinks are generally not caffeinated beverages, which distinguishes them from the second type of performance drinks similar to â€Å"Red Bull†. The Red Bull drink contains Caffeine, Taurine, Glucuronolactone, B-group vitamins, Sucrose and Glucose. (Red Bull, 2011) The non-caffeinated sports drinks are considered important to replace calories burned in athletic activity and vital electrolytes lost during sweating. Caffeinated sports drinks primarily use sugars and caffeine in a mix with vitamins to surge energy through increased heartbeat and blood pressure, delivering more blood and energy to the extremities via muscle tissue. In this manner, these drinks may lead to peak performance and decline rather than sustained performance acquired through personal training. Training as a Basis for Performance The basis for spor ts performance can be seen in a combination of physical training and endurance conditioning, ideally specialized around the movements required by the sport but leading to an over-all physical strength and speed. This physical training which is seen in weight training, running, jogging, sprints, calisthenics, and more complex coaching drills must also be supplemented by a proper diet. There is a large market for health and performance enhancing supplements in this industry which promise increased results but are often no better than a natural or whole food diet. The athlete needs a nutrition plan that supports the muscle mass gain in weight training and optimizes the performance of the body through a balanced or harmonized

Philosphy of Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosphy of Nursing - Assignment Example America, England, Australia, Germany like countries are severely affected by the shortage of healthcare professionals especially nurses. As per the July/August 2009 statistics, despite the current easing of the nursing shortage due to the recession, the U.S. nursing shortage is projected to grow to 260,000 registered nurses by 2025 (Nursing Shortage Resource, 2009). In short the demand for the qualified nurses is immense irrespective of the recession or economic problems. Nobody wants to put their life in jeopardy. Even though the demand was huge, availability of qualified nurses with the right outlook or frame of mind is less which forced me to select nursing as my profession. This paper briefly explains my nursing philosophy. Nursing boundaries, first addressed by Florence Nightingale, are referred to in the â€Å"Nightingale Pledge† used in pinning ceremonies which teaches the nurses to devote themselves to the welfare of those committed to their care† all refer to standards or boundaries relating to their duties and responsibilities as nurses (Holder & Schenthal, 2007). My personal philosophy of nursing revolves around the above pledge. Nursing is always a profession which attracted me even from my childhood. I am really a sensitive person who always keeps a strong concern about the sick and needy people. Keeping high levels of values and ethical standards is necessary in all professions, especially in nursing profession. Morality and ethical values are diminishing from the current professional world day by day and nursing profession is also not an exception. The absence of values and ethical standards in nursing professional has created lot of problems in providing good healthcare services to patients. Florence Nightingale and Mother Teresa like noble personalities are rarely appearing in the world. The story of Florence Nightingale and Mother

Relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction at Essay

Relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction at Mcdonalds restaurants - Essay Example HR initiatives of McDonald’s greatly facilitate job satisfaction and create a highly motivated and effective workforce. It promotes a sense of shared vision and collective responsibility resulting in improved performance and productivity. Apart from this, McDonald’s conscientiously encourages professional development through in-house training and creating a continuous learning environment. It helps nurture a high standard of ethics and quality work by inculcating sense of responsibility and accountability in their work parameters. The regular incentives for improved performance, in-house discount on food items and flexible timings are few other vital factors for high job satisfaction amongst the McDonald’s workforce. The recent initiatives by the management to promote employment of people who have been unemployed for more than six months hugely reflects the company’s social consciousness and labor friendly policies (Burley, 2009). One can therefore, conclu de that organizational commitment and job satisfaction at McDonald’s are intrinsically linked. The various service and reward programs encourage its employees to give their best. Its commitment to diversity at workplace ensures relationship building through cross cultural understanding and mutual respect. Reference Burley, Briar. (25 March, 2009) McDonald’s to help unemployed.

Social Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Social Policy - Essay Example The role of the state therefore, has become crucial, while incorporating the new developments in the societal changes of the time in their social policy so that state benefit can reach every one. The predetermined and the predefined modules of the social changes have not only become outdated and irrelevant in the fast changing social environment, but the urgent need to address the evolving paradigms of the society at large, has become imperative. The various discourses relating to the people who are most vulnerable to be excluded from the state benefits can be broadly classified into three categories like RED or redistributive discourse, SID or social integration discourse and MUD or moral underclass discourse. RED became more emphasized in European Union as Portugal and United Kingdom, both had relatively significant number of people who do not have enough resources to meet the average living standard and hence often were deprived of the state benefits which should have been available to them. To ratify RED, social integration took the form of employment but here also, the marginalised workforce was poorly paid which still made a mockery of so called social integration. The moral underclass discourse was different in the sense that it considered that segment of society that had defied the norms of society and had become vulnerable to the moral and ethical correct societal norms. In United Kingdom, MUD became more popularly accepted after Blair government made special efforts to understand and evaluate the cause and consequences of this class of society in a comprehensive study. The wide ranging implications of the multi-cultural societies, as discussed earlier, have brought in an equal number of interlinked social issues and related problems which are increasingly becoming major concern for the state. Apart from the problem of

Learning Styles and Lifelong Learning Process Research Paper

Learning Styles and Lifelong Learning Process - Research Paper Example Guild and Garger (1998) implied on their studies that by completely understanding an individual’s style of learning would allow educators to construct adequate teaching methods that would promote higher learning. For the last fifty years, many researchers have understood the concepts of learning styles. Sims and Sims (1995) have specified that students will be able to develop higher levels of learning through these concepts of learning styles and how these styles influence educators to construct sufficient teaching methods. Studies of Dunn and Dunn (1992) presented that individuals respond to learning in a more positive manner through the utilization of adequate teaching methods that suit them. With the case study, students have manifested greater learning when they were taught using their preferred teaching methods because they were able to absorb the concepts of the subject matter easily. These students have shown improved scores when it comes to tests and exams. It is said that if an educator makes use of the students preferred teaching methods, the students tend to be more attentive. This just shows that if educators would be able to grasp solely their students’ preferred learning styles, these educators would be able to promote enthusiasm among their students to learn more. Through effective teaching methods, the study stated that the students reflected more aggressive behavior toward learning, which means that these students are more willing to learn if they will be able to understand their educators’ method of teaching. In short, learning styles and teaching methods have a deeper association. As stated earlier, I took some tests that would determine my preferred learning style as a student. Before I present the results that I got, let me first introduce to you what learning styles are all about. Ross, Maureen, and Schultz (2001) stated on their studies that learning is often times a process of remembering concepts and putting these concepts into actions after  further studies. They further added that learning is a two-way process, gathering information and then utilizing the information.  

How the mind and body are connected for the use of learning Essay

How the mind and body are connected for the use of learning - Essay Example â€Å"If you use the visual style, you prefer using images, pictures, colors, and maps to organize information and communicate with others. You can easily visualize objects, you a good sense of direction. You can easily find your way around using maps, and you rarely get lost. When you walk out of an elevator, you instinctively know which way to turn.† Visual learners have a keen sense of knowing where to go (Learning Styles Online, 2008, pg. 1). Visual learning style is also known as the spatial learning style. Visual learners love to draw and doodle. They love using different types of colors in their scribbling, as well as in their sense of style and dress. Visual learners often enjoy architecture, art, design, film, navigation, photography, and planning. Visual learners learn through seeing. â€Å"These learners need to see the teachers body language and facial expression to fully understand the content of a lesson. They tend to prefer sitting at the front of the classroom to avoid visual obstructions (e.g. peoples heads). They may think in pictures and learn best  from visual displays including: diagrams, illustrated text books, overhead transparencies, videos, flipcharts and hand-outs.   During a lecture or classroom discussion, visual learners often prefer to take detailed notes to absorb the information† (LDPride, 2008, pg. 1). â€Å"If you use the aural style, you like to work with sound and music. You have a good sense of pitch and rhythm. You typically can sing, play a musical instrument, or identify the sounds of different instruments. Certain music invokes strong emotions. You notice the music playing in the background of movies, TV shows and other media. You often find yourself humming or tapping a song or jingle, or a theme or jingle pops into your head without prompting.† Music and sound are key to auditory learners (Learning Styles Online, 2008, pg. 1). Once again, those who are

Communication and Conflict Chapter 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication and Conflict Chapter 7 - Essay Example (The case mentioned Enrique believing that â€Å"he and Monica had a clear[er] picture of one another.†) These are the perceived incompatible goals. It is natural that in courtships, couples tend to put their best foot forward, to make the other feel special, and to show the other that his or her desires are paramount to her or him, which however is abandoned when one enters into marriage because pretensions are shed (Ziglar, 2004). The conflict appears to have reached a productive phase when Monica offered her explanation that what she meant about â€Å"forget about the job† was only for a short enough time to enjoy a night out, not to forget about it entirely; however, it re-entered a destructive phase when she appeared to accuse Enrique of not listening to her. On the other hand, Enrique tried to enter the constructive phase when he began to apologize to Monica, but vacillated towards the destructive phase again when he took issue with her comment to listen to her as an accusation, and stormed out to a friend’s house. IV Power Power is not openly discussed, but it is an issue apparently from Enrique’s side. ... The power currency Monica makes use of appears to be her feigned interest in Enrique’s job, and Enrique’s power currency is his attempt at apology and the physical contact he initiated, possibly conveying his use of affection as bargaining chip. Both Monica and Enrique felt that their spouse was trying to exert his /her power over her/him. Actually, it was more likely that they felt threatened when no threat was actually meant. Enrique felt he should exert his power as the breadwinner, and Monica felt she might exert her influence over him by cajoling and acting sweet. She over-interprets his actions as being akin to her parents’ actions; he over-interprets her words (â€Å"forget the job† and â€Å"why don’t you listen to me?†) as a challenge to his power and an accusation that he is inadequate (â€Å"I wish I had some pull†; â€Å"Doesn’t she see how much I’m trying, how hard I’m working?†). Both parties p erceived each other’s style as manipulative (Enrique of Monica) and unsympathetic (Monica of Enrique). V. Style While individuals use their own distinctive styles in a conflict, the conflict also takes on a style of its own (Chapter 7:223). At first, Monica was sweet and playful showing support and encouragement (â€Å"you’re up for a promotion, right?† while Enrique showed nonchalance and seriousness. After the conflict began, Monica protested innocence (â€Å"I didn’t say you should forget it, Enrique. I said let’s do something else for awhile†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) and then hurt (getting up to silently do the dishes, or saying â€Å"I wish you would listen to what I’m saying.†), while Jack shows anger (â€Å"Forget about the job! How am I supposed to do that?†) and then conciliation (â€Å"I’ll come back later to pick you up for pizza). Later both revert to

Education & Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education & Culture - Essay Example It is actually through this that the values of the society are rather utilized to identify which medium of educational instruction shall actually lead the American society towards immeasurable future success. To understand the matter further, the following paragraphs shall give an intense discussion about each educational procedure's impact on the human society [particularly the American] today. Education as known to all is very much significant to for the human society as this is viewed and considered as the most efficient and effective means for personal and social development. The concept of education entitles an individual, if properly trained and utilized the essential ability to progress for personal sustenance and economic survival. This is considered as one of the most important realm in one's life that must be achieved as also viewed by the family structure in the society. In addition, education can be used by the society as a whole to developed productive and capable citizens for fueling the progress of the humanity. Thus, education indeed is important. In the present though,... Basically, the system of education in a given society is mainly promoted through the secular educational institutions and facilities namely the schools and university. In the course of the society's development, this educational structure is now being presented to have its flaws at it lacks sufficiently attention from the government and society itself. The professional service of providing quality education in the government and secular institutions are now becoming scarce and limited to the upper few because of many problems mainly location and capacity to address the increasing need of the growing population . Thus, other means of attaining quality education must be included in the probably option of the willful public. Enticed with the present technological advancement of the society at the present, other means of securing quality education is now being offered for the public namely the concept of virtual schools through the internet. Through the aid of the modern technology in th e communication, willful students and professional educators can now interact with each other in the course of training and educating regardless of the boundaries of location and institutional facilities. The concept of virtual schools can be implemented with the significant aid of technological advancement to promote better learning and understanding of the students regarding the lesson matter as visual imagery and wide information resources can be accessed with ease. Technology is indeed manifested as a strong aspect of the modern society significantly promoting their fact-paced development. Because of this, it is only logical to use this strength of the people to address their most concerning problem which is the increasing demand for quality

Professional development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Professional development - Essay Example Part 2 (1) Reflection on the nature of professionalism required in chosen career The chosen career is related to the management consultancy; the nature of professionalism required in the specific career will be depended on the following criteria: a) the personal skills and capabilities – as revealed through appropriately customized self-assessment questionnaires and through the feedback of colleagues and friends; b) the conditions of the target market, meaning the requirements set by employers for the specific job position, as these requirements have been identified though job adverts and the websites of organizations supporting the professional development of employees in the particular industry and c) the responses of the environment, as they have been estimated by reviewing relevant literature. In any case, reference should be made primarily to professionalism, as a framework that can influence the performance on the chosen career. In accordance with a definition published by the Oxford Dictionary online, the term professionalism is used in order to show â€Å"the competence or skill expected of a professional: the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism† (Oxford Dictionary online, 2011). In the chosen career, professionalism is expected to have certain form, which will be related to a series of different criteria, such as values, ethics, attitude, knowledge and so on. These criteria/ elements of professionalism can be identified primarily through the literature published in the particular field. Then, additional evidence can be used in order to verify the effectiveness of the literature findings – referring to the studies focusing on the examination and the evaluation of professionalism as a key element for the successful performance of individuals in the workplace. It should be noted that the term ‘professionalism’ in consultancy might include different elements and respond to different needs compared to other car eer paths (Rhoton et al. 2001). In any case, the professional development cannot be completed before the entrance in the workplace; this means, that the period of study and training – as a preparatory phase before applying for a particular position – cannot fully support the professional development of an individual (Hristozova, 2006). Through another approach Scott (2000) made clear that professional development is continuous, being similar to the self-development which is likely to be continuous; thus, professional development, as an aspect of self-development, need also to be continuous securing the improvement of the employee’s position within his organization. The skills of consultants, which would help them to develop a high level of professionalism, can be retrieved through the literature published on the specific field. In accordance with Margerison (2011, p.31) the key advantage of consultants would be the self-organizing, i.e. their ability to categori ze and appropriately evaluated the material related to a specific social/ scientific area (see Table 1, Appendix). On the other hand, Niewiem (2005) noted that the most important skill of consultants would be their interaction ability (meaning the ability to communicate with others and use appropriate evidence for

Pablo Picasso Essay Example for Free

Pablo Picasso Essay Pablo Picasso is one Ð ¾f the most prominent and inspiring artists Ð ¾f the 20th century. He produced work in painting, sculpture, prints, murals, and ceramics; regardless Ð ¾f the medium, he was always in demand. During the year 1937, Picasso agreed to paint the centerpiece for The Spanish Pavilion Ð ¾f the 1937 Worlds Fair. For months Picasso was searching for inspiration for the mural, distracted by his sullen mood and dissatisfaction Ð ¾f his work, he continued to put it off. This came to an end on April 28, 1937. In less than two months, Picasso had created Guernica, modern arts most powerful antiwar statement. To fully appreciate the intensity and power Ð ¾f Guernica, it is imperative to understand the story that precedes it. The attack on Guernica was planned on a Monday, market day in the village; most Ð ¾f the population would be out in town. Church bells began to ring, warning Ð ¾f the approaching aircraft. Germanys best-equipped bombers fired more than one hundred thousand pounds Ð ¾f high explosive bombs onto the village Ð ¾f Guernica. People began to scurry into shelters only to find out that the shelters were not strong enough to withstand the powerful bombing that lasted three hours. Entire families were burned or buried in the ruins Ð ¾f the village, along with their cattle and sheep. When the fires subsided, three days later, the center Ð ¾f Guernica had been completely destroyed. The Basque government estimated that 1654 people had died and another 889 were injured during the air raid. However, the government was never able to establish an exact count, soon after the attack, nationalist forces overran Guernica. Soon after news Ð ¾f the bombing reached Paris, Picasso began his work on the mural, which would be called Guernica. Standing eleven and a half feet tall by almost twenty-six feet wide, the oil painting on an unbleached canvas is done in monochromatic harmony, using only values in the gray scale. The painting is full Ð ¾f symbolism, however, Picasso never committed to a specific explanation, leaving interpretation up to the viewer. The speculations as to the exact meanings are numerous and varied, however, it is obvious that the universal theme in Guernica, is the horrors Ð ¾f war and the massacre Ð ¾f innocent people. Towards the left Ð ¾f the painting there is a woman, screaming as she holds the body Ð ¾f an injured or possibly dead child. In front Ð ¾f her lays a lifeless soldier, a broken knife in his hand, above him a horse that has been speared in the side. On the far right there is a woman screaming in pain as she is stuck in a burning house. There is also a bull head in the upper left hand corner, that has been interpreted in many ways, for example, some people see it as a representation Ð ¾f Spain and Spanish values and culture, some believe it represents the victory Ð ¾f the Nazis, some go as far to suggest that the bull is Picasso himself, helplessly looking over the bloody massacre. A light bulb was added at the top Ð ¾f the painting above the head Ð ¾f the horse, some suggest that it was added to shed light on the atrocities Ð ¾f war; others believe it represented the bombs that were dropped that day. Picasso didnt try to recreate the war on canvas; there is no town, no airplanes, and no explosions. However, Guernica is a protest to the brutalities Ð ¾f war. Because Picasso chose to keep his meanings Ð ¾f the symbolism personal, he lets the viewer develop their own ideas and meanings. While Picasso didnt comment much on the symbolism he did reiterate on the paintings obvious anti-war statement: My whole life as an artist has been nothing more than a struggle against reaction and the death Ð ¾f art. In the picture that I am painting which I shall call Guernica I am expressing my horror Ð ¾f the military caste which is now plundering Spain into an ocean Ð ¾f misery and death Pablo Picasso. Picasso has painted the images Ð ¾f the faces in such a way that they seem to reach out and scream for help, they know that they are about to die. His work on Guernica challenges our idea and notion that war is an act Ð ¾f heroism and shows it for what it truly is a brutal act Ð ¾f self- destruction. In 1973, Pablo Picasso died at the age Ð ¾f 92. On the anniversary Ð ¾f his birth, October 25, 1981, Guernica returned to Picassos native soil. It is now showcased at The Riena Sofia, Spains national museum Ð ¾f modern art. Works Cited Fernande Olivier, Pablo Picasso, and Ramon Rentevos picture. http://www. madrid. org/museopicasso/PicassoyArias/galeria/Gpicasso01. htm Getlein, Mark. Living With Art. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2002. Penrose, Roland. The Sculpture Ð ¾f Picasso. New York Museum Ð ¾f Modern Art (1967) First edition. 232p. 260 illustrations

Asi Questions Essay Example for Free

Asi Questions Essay The Interview Format Does It Have to be an Interview? This is perhaps the most often asked question regarding the ASI. In the search for faster and easier methods of collecting data many clinicians and researchers have asked for a self-administered (either by computer or paper and pencil) version of the instrument. We have not sanctioned the use of a self-administered version for several reasons. First, we have tested the reliability and validity of the severity ratings by having raters use just the information that has been collected on the form without the interview. This has resulted in very poor estimates of problem severity and essentially no concurrent reliability. Second, we have been sensitive to problems of illiteracy among segments of the substance abusing population. Even among the literate there are problems of attention, interest and comprehension that are especially relevant to this population. Finally, since the instrument is often used as part of the initial clinical evaluation, it has been our philosophy that it is important to have interpersonal contact for at least one part of that initial evaluation. We see this as simply being polite and supportive to a patient with problems. We have seen no convincing demonstration that the interview format produces worse (less reliable or valid) information than other methods of administration and we have found that particularly among some segments of the substance abusing population (eg. the psychiatrically ill, elderly, confused and physically sick) the interview format may be the only viable method for insuring understanding of the questions asked. Particularly in the clinical situation, the general demeanor or feel of a patient is poorly captured without person-to-person contact and this can be an important additional source of information for clinical staff. There are of course many useful, valid and reliable self-administered instruments appropriate for the substance abuse population. For example, we have routinely used selfadministered questionnaires and other instruments with very satisfactory results (eg. Beck Depression Inventory, MA ST, SCL-90, etc.) but these are usually very focussed instruments that have achieved validity and consistency by asking numerous questions related to a single theme (eg. depression, alcohol abuse, etc.). The ASI is purposely broadly focussed for the purposes outlined above, and we have not been successful in creating a viable self-administered instrument that can efficiently collect the range of information sought by the ASI. Thus, it should be clear that at this writing there is no reliable or valid version of the ASI that is self-administered and there is currently no plan for developing this format for the instrument. We would of course be persuaded by comparative data from a reliable, valid and useful self-administered version of the ASI and this is an open invitation to interested parties. Role of the Interviewer What are the qualifications needed for an ASI interviewer? Having indicated the importance of the interview process it follows that the most important part of the ASI is the interviewer who collects the information. The interviewer is not simply the recorder of a series of subjective statements. The interviewer is responsible for the integrity of the information collected and must be willing to repeat, paraphrase and probe until he/she is satisfied that the patient understands the question and that the answer reflects the best judgment of the patient, consistent with the intent of the question. It must be emphasized that the interviewer must understand the intent of each question. This is very important since despite the range of situations and unusual answers that we have described in the manual, a new exception or previously unheard of situation occurs virtually each week. Thus, ASI interviewers should not expect to find answers in the workbook to all of the unusual situations that they will encounter in using the ASI. Instead it will be critical for the interviewer to understand the intent of the question, to probe for the most complete information available from the patient and then to record the most appropriate answer, including a comment. There is a very basic set of personal qualities necessary for becoming a proficient interviewer. First, the prospective interviewer must be personable and supportive capable of forming good rapport with a range of patients who may be difficult. It is no secret that many individuals have negative feelings about substance abusers and these feelings are revealed to the patients very quickly, thereby compromising any form of rapport. Second, the interviewer must be able to help the patient separate the problem areas and to examine them individually using the questions provided. Equally important qualities in the prospective interviewer are the basic intelligence to understand the intent of the questions in the interview and the commitment to collecting the information in a responsible manner. There are no clear-cut educational or background characteristics that have been reliably associated with the ability to perform a proficient ASI interview. We have trained a wide range of people to administer the ASI, including receptionists, college students, police/probation officers, physicians, professional interviewers and even a research psychologist!! There have been people from each of these groups who were simply unsuited to performing interviews and were excluded during training (perhaps 10% of all those trained) or on subsequent reliability checks. Reasons for exclusion were usually because they simply couldnt form reasonable rapport with the patients, they were not sensitive to lack of understanding or distrust in the patient, they were not able to effectively probe initially confused answers with supplemental clarifying questions or they simply didnt agree with the approach of the ASI (examining problems individually rather than as a function of substance abuse). With regard to assisting the interviewer in checking for understanding and consistency during the interview, there are many reliability checks built into the ASI. They are discussed in some detail in the workbook and they have been used effectively to insure the quality and consistency of the collected data. Severity Ratings How important and useful are they? It is noteworthy that the severity ratings were historically the last items to be included on the ASI. They were considered to be interesting but non-essential items that were a summary convenience for people who wished a quick general profile of a patients problem status. They were only provided for clinical convenience and never intended for research use. It was surprising and interesting for us to find that when interviewers were trained comparably and appropriately, these severity estimates were reliable and valid across a range of patient types and interviewer types. Further, they remain a useful clinical summary that we continue to use regularly but only for initial treatment planning and referral. A Note on Severity It should be noted that much of the reason for the reliability and validity of these severity ratings is the structured interview format and the strict (some would say arbitrary) definition of severity that we have adopted: ie.need for additional treatment. Many users of the ASI have selected the instrument exclusively for research purposes and these ratings have never been used for this purpose especially as outcome measures. Other users do not agree with our definition of severity. Still others do not have the time or inclination to check and recheck severity estimates among their various interviewers. For all of these potential users the severity ratings would not be useful or worth the investment of man-hours required to train reliability. Even for those with primary clinical uses, these ratings are not essential and are perhaps the most vulnerable of all the ASI items to the influences of poor interviewing skills, patient misrepresentation or lack of compreh ension and even the surroundings under which the interview is conducted. Therefore, it is entirely acceptable to train ASI interviewers and to use the ASI without referral to the severity ratings. Composite Scores What are they for, why were they constructed this way and what are the norms? Users familiar with earlier editions of the ASI know there is a separate manual designed to describe their use and to show how to calculate them (See Composite Scores from the Addiction Severity Index McGahan et al. 1986). The composite scores have been developed from combinations of items in each problem area that are capable of showing change (ie. based on the prior thirty day period, not lifetime) and that offer the most internally consistent estimate of problem status. The complicated formulas used in the calculation of these composites are necessary to insure equal weighting of all items in the composite. These composites have been very useful to researchers as mathematically sound measures of change in problem status but have had almost no value to clinicians as indications of current status in a problem area. This is due to the failure on our part to develop and publish normative values for representative groups of substance abuse patients (eg. methadone maintained males, cocaine dependent females in drug free treatment, etc.). At the risk of being defensive, our primary interest was measuring change among our local patients and not comparing the current problem status of various patient groups across the country. Further, we simply did not foresee the range of interest that has been shown in the instrument. A Note on Norms for the Composite Scores At this writing, we are collecting ASI data from a variety of patient samples across the country. These samples will be used to convert the composite raw scores into T-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10 (as MMPI and SCL-90 scores are presented). Our intention is to publish these normative data and to circulate copies of the tables to all individuals who have sent to us for ASI packets. We will also provide programs written in Basic, Lotus 123 ® or Excel ®to calculate these composite scores and to convert existing composite scores into Tscores. In this way we hope to make up for the lack of standardization that has been a problem with the composite scores to this time. Appropriate Populations Can I use the ASI with samples of Substance Abusing Prisoners or Psychiatrically Ill Substance Abusers? Because the ASI has been shown to be reliable and valid among substance abusers applying for treatment, many workers in related fields have used the ASI with substance abusing samples from their populations. For example, the ASI has been used at the time of incarceration and/or parole/probation to evaluate substance abuse and other problems in criminal populations. In addition, because of the widespread substance abuse among mentally ill and homeless populations, the ASI has also been used among these groups. While we have collaborated with many workers on the use of the instrument with these populations; it should be clear that there are no reliability or validity studies of the instrument in these populations. This of course does not mean that the ASI is necessarily invalid with these groups, only that its test parameters have not been established. In fact, workers from these fields have turned to the ASI because they felt that no other suitable instrument was available. In cases where this is true, it is likely that the ASI would be a better choice than creating a totally new instrument. However, it is important to note circumstances that are likely to reduce the value of data from the ASI among these groups. For example, when used with a treatment seeking sample and an independent, trained interviewer, there is less reason for a potential substance abuser to misrepresent (even under these circumstances it still happens). In circumstances where individuals are being evaluated for probation/parole or jail there is obviously much more likelihood of misrepresentation. Similarly, when the ASI is used with psychiatrically ill substance abusers who are not necessarily seeking (and possibly avoiding) treatment, there is often reason to suspect denial, confusion and misrepresentation. Again, there is currently no suitable alternative instrument or procedure available that will insure valid, accurate responses under these conditions. The consistency checks built into the ASI may even be of some benefit in these circumstances. However, it is important to realize the limits of the instrument. Regardless, systematic tests of the reliability and validity of the ASI in populations of substance abusers within the criminal justice system and within the mental health system are necessary but have not been done and this is an open invitation to interested parties. A Special Note on Adolescent Populations Despite the fact that we have repeatedly published warnings for potential users of the ASI regarding the lack of reliability, validity and utility of the instrument with adolescent populations there remain instances where the ASI has been used in this inappropriate manner. Again, the ASI is not appropriate for adolescents due to its underlying assumptions regarding self-sufficiency and because it simply does not address issues (eg. school, peer relations, family problems from the perspective of the adolescent, etc.) that are critical to an evaluation of adolescent problems. At this writing, there are two versions of the ASI that have been developed for adolescent populations and have shown at least initial evidence of reliability and validity in this population. A third instrument is not in the same format as the ASI but has shown excellent reliability and validity. Interested readers may contact these individuals directly for more information about these instruments. Kathy Meyers, Research Department, Carrier Foundation, Belle Meade, New Jersey Carrier Addiction Severity Index or Yifrah Kaminer, Adolescent Chemical Dependency Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Teen Addiction Severity Index or Al Friedman, Adolescent Substance Abuse Program, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia Psychiatric Center, Phila., Pa. Adolescent Drug and Alcohol Diagnostic Assessment ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE ASI Can I ask additional questions and/or delete some of the current items? As indicated above, the ASI was designed to capture the minimum information necessary to evaluate the nature and severity of patients treatment problems at treatment admission and at follow-up. For this reason, we have always encouraged the addition of particular questions and/or additional instruments in the course of evaluating patients. In our own work we have routinely used the MAST, an AIDS questionnaire, additional family background questions and some self-administered psychological tests. We do not endorse the elimination or substitution of items currently on the ASI. Again, the ASI items (regardless of whether they are good or bad for particular individual needs) have been tested for reliability and validity as individual items and as part of the composite and/or severity scores. The elimination or substitution of existing items could significantly reduce the reliability and comparability of these ASI scores. It is possible to eliminate whole sections (problem areas) of the ASI if particular problems are not applicable for specific populations or the focus of specific treatment interventions. In the current version of the ASI and in this workbook, we have included a set of additional items and instruments that have been developed by us and others over the past ten years, to add information in areas that are now inadequately covered by the existing ASI questions. The items themselves are presented on the latest version of the form (See Appendix 1) and the specific instructions for asking these questions and for interpreting the answers are discussed in each of the problem areas in the Specific Instructions part of the workbook. It should be clear that we have not used these items in the calculation of the composite scores or in the determination of severity estimates. Obviously, the use of additional information for these purposes would alter the reliability and validity of the ASI and reduce the comparability of the resulting scores across sites and time points. Thus it is important to stress that the use of earlier ASI versions will still provide comparable data on the composite scores and on the majority of items, since they have not been changed or eliminated, only supplemented in the current version. In addition to these items, there has also been significant work over the past ten years in the development of general and specialized information collection interviews and questionnaires for substance abusers. Some of these instruments bear special note in that they can be used instead of or in addition to the ASI to provide enhanced or specialized information. Some of the more widely used and better validated instruments are presented below but the interested reader is advised to consult the tests and measurements literature for additional information.

The Pros And Cons Of Biofuels Environmental Sciences Essay

The Pros And Cons Of Biofuels Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays, as the problem of greenhouse gases emissions is getting more serious, Carbon-negative biofuels represent the first potentially huge assault on the problem, in ways that are already technically feasible and practicable (Mathews, 2008). Scientists are having their research on how to ease or solve these problems. The topic of biofuels is being more popular in the recent years because it has the most potential to be a significant source of energy. Biomass is providing a surprisingly large amount of the worlds energy 10% of total global primary energy consumption (Energy Future Coalition, 2007). Advantages of biofuels Safety Biofuels are safe to handle and transport because they are biodegradable, much less toxic than even table salt (ten times), and have high flashpoints of about 300oF compared to gasoline and petroleum diesel fuel (diesel has a flash point of 125 F, for comparison) (Biodiesel Chemical Safety Data Oxford University). Because of its safety, the number of incidence of severe vehicle fires can be reduced, and its safety making it to be one of the safest of all alternative fuels. Also, biofuels produce fewer by-products than conventional hydrocarbon based fuels after combustion or burning. The conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels will produced a greater output of some noxious by-product, for example, carbon monoxide. That means, biofuels could lead to less localized smog in urban centers (Charles et al). Energy security and saving money An opportunity of developing countries to enhance national energy security has been provided by biofuels, by reducing expenditures and dependence on fluctuated price of oil. For example, Brazil, she started the biofuels programme when the oil prices increase in 1970. The initial biofuels programme took about 4 billion US dollars, and nowadays 100 billion US dollars are saved because of the programme (Raswant et al., 2008). For the world, there is the potential for expanded ethanol production to replace 10% of the worlds gasoline with enthanol that is 25 to 30 billion gallons (Charles et al., 2007). 2.3 Agriculture development The introduction of biofuels can help bring modern energy services to rural areas particularly. 75% of the worlds poor can be employed due to the greater investment are fostered. On the other hand, biofuels industry can also create new job opportunities in rural areas and a major new source of income for farmers can also be provided. And farmers can enter a market with higher prices and rising demand by producing transportation fuel. Growing energy crops is more likely to attract the kind of foreign investment that can modernize their agricultural practices as well as increase their food production (Energy Future Coalition, 2007). Carbon-negative Biofuels is carbon negative fuel because it can remove carbon that in the atmosphere and the theory is: biofuels can draws carbon by photosynthesis (growing of biomass). The technical means of turning biofuels carbon negative are already available. The following is the explanation of the difference between carbon positive, carbon neutral and carbon negative fuels. Firstly, carbon positive fuel, it provides negative effect to climate because the fuels are drawn from fossil fuel deposits, and burned thus releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Secondary, carbon neutral fuels, theses fuels will absorb carbon dioxide when they grow, but the same amount of carbon will release back into the atmosphere when burnt. This is definitely a carbon-neutral cycle. Finally, carbon negative fuels, these fuels will also absorb carbon dioxide when they grow as well as carbon neutral fuels, but the difference is when carbon negative fuels burn and used as fuel, not the same amount of carbon dioxide which absorb when they grow will release, they tend to release small amount into the atmosphere. In other words, these fuels can reduce carbon dioxide (Mathew, 2008). Diagram source: http://biopact.com/2007/10/strange-world-of-carbon-negative.html. Convenience Biofuels is convenience because it does not require changes to switch to use compare with the other renewable energy, for example, solar energy and wind energy. (Want to know it, 2010). For the transport vehicle, Use of bio-diesel and bio-petrol do not require any change in the vehicle engine (Times internet limit, 2008). 3. Disadvantages Soil degradation The more alternative energy sources, for example biofuels, the greater the demand of agricultural land. Such as Amazon basin, scientist predicted deforestation will escalate, with growing amounts of virgin rainforest being cleared for farmland, thus greater soil degradation are going to ensue (Charles et al). Impact on water resources Increase the use of biofuels will definitely increase the use of water resources, such as: water will be used for the irrigation of crops used as feedstock for biodiesel production and water is used for boiling and cooling in the process of producing biofuels in refineries. (Energetics Incorporated Columbia, 2007). And the use of water resources is keep increasing, for example, in the United States, the number of ethanol factories has already increased from 50 in 2000 to about 140 in 2008 and 60 is constructing, this trend represent the consumption of water is getting serious (Julian Rubin, 2008). Soil erosion, deforestation and loss of biodiversity On a small scale, as the carbon compounds in waste biomass are consumed by other microorganism, they break down the biomass in the soil to produce valuable nutrients that are necessary for crops. Lets move on to a larger scale, plant biomass waste provides small wildlife habitat. And when human use the biomass to produce biofuels, the organisms and natural habitats are to be threatened. For Soil erosion, when cellulosic ethanol is produced from feedstock like switchgrass and saw grass, the nutrients that required to grow the lignocellulose are removed and cannot be processed by microorganisms to replenish the soil nutrients, then the soil is of poorer quality. For the deforestation, lets have an example, Amazon rainforest, in order to produce sugar cane for ethanol fuel in Brazil, an areas have been cleared by burning and slashing techniques, large scale of deforestation was conducted, the major plant is mature trees, which can help remove carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, and this function is more efficient than sugar can or most other biofuels do. This deforestation is therefore contributes to un-sustainable global warming atmospheric greenhouse gas levels, loss of habitat, and a reduction of valuable biodiversity (Julian Rubin, 2008). Problems caused to car engine Nowadays, Biodiesel is using in order to replace petrol diesel in car engine, and biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, some problems occur when using biodiesel, such as, coking and trumpet formation on the injectors, oil ring sticking, and thickening and gelling of the lubricating oil, it is because of the higher viscosity and density, lower heating value and lower cetane number of vegetable oils. The following table show the above disadvantages of vegetable oils as diesel fuel compare with D2 fuel (Kralova and Sjoblom, 2010). Table Source: Kralova and Sjoblom, 2010 4. Conclusion To conclusion, biofuels have advantages and disadvantages, for the advantages, biofuels is safe because it has high flesh point, enhance national energy security and help countries saving money from import oil. Also, it can bring modern technology to rural area, and create job opportunity. And the most important advantages are, using biofuels can definitely ease the problem of carbon emission. On the other hand, biofuels have disadvantages as well, deforestation rate will increase, thus affect the biodiversity. And more water resources will be used. Lastly, using of biofuels in car engine will bring harms to the engine. Recommendation From the advantages and disadvantages which has discussed above, yes, it does help ease the problems of global warming from reducing carbon or provides benefit, but biofuel still have lot of hurdles to tackle. Therefore, it is too early to say that biofuels are the significant energy in the future. In my opinion, the research on biofuels should keep going and it would be great if more generations of biofuel appear, then the uses of biofuel can be apply and spread more widely. On the other hand, deforestation should not be employed, because it will totally affect the biodiversity, not only the biodiversity, but also soil.